tetml={filename={D:\Drim\repository\projects\drim_66_0\metadata\a\c\acd106f9efed55ec6f7d5ce8608c0d91\acd106f9efed55ec6f7d5ce8608c0d91.tet.xml} elements={annotations=false bookmarks=false destinations=false fields=false javascripts = false} } granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC 60502-1 Second edition 2004-04 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U m = 36 kV) – Part 1: Cables for rated voltages of 1 kV ((U m = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (U m = 3,6 kV) This English-language version is derived from the original bilingual publication by leaving out all French-language pages. Missing page numbers correspond to the French- language pages. Reference number IEC 60502-1:2004(E) granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} Publication numbering As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the 60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1. Consolidated editions The IEC is now publishing consolidated versions of its publications. For example, edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the base publication incorporating amendment 1 and the base publication incorporating amendments 1 and 2. Further information on IEC publications The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC, thus ensuring that the content reflects current technology. Information relating to this publication, including its validity, is available in the IEC Catalogue of publications (see below) in addition to new editions, amendments and corrigenda. Information on the subjects under consideration and work in progress undertaken by the technical committee which has prepared this publication, as well as the list of publications issued, is also available from the following: • IEC Web Site (www.iec.ch) • Catalogue of IEC publications The on-line catalogue on the IEC web site (www.iec.ch/searchpub) enables you to search by a variety of criteria including text searches, technical committees and date of publication. On-line information is also available on recently issued publications, withdrawn and replaced publications, as well as corrigenda. • IEC Just Published This summary of recently issued publications (www.iec.ch/online_news/ justpub) is also available by email. Please contact the Customer Service Centre (see below) for further information. • Customer Service Centre If you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: Email: custserv@iec.ch Tel: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U m = 36 kV) – Part 1: Cables for rated voltages of 1 kV ((U m = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (U m = 3,6 kV) © IEC 2004 Copyright - all rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch Commission Electrotechnique Internationale International Electrotechnical Commission Международная Электротехническая Комиссия IEC 60502-1 Second edition 2004-04 PRICE CODE For price, see current catalogue XA granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 3 – CONTENTS FOREWORD.........................................................................................................................11 1 Scope.............................................................................................................................15 2 Normative references......................................................................................................15 3 Terms and definitions .....................................................................................................19 3.1 Definitions of dimensional values (thicknesses, cross-sections, etc.) ......................19 3.2 Definitions concerning the tests .............................................................................19 4 Voltage designations and materials .................................................................................21 4.1 Rated voltages ......................................................................................................21 4.2 Insulating compounds ............................................................................................23 4.3 Sheathing compounds ...........................................................................................25 5 Conductors .....................................................................................................................25 6 Insulation........................................................................................................................25 6.1 Material .................................................................................................................25 6.2 Insulation thickness ...............................................................................................25 7 Assembly of multicore cables, inner coverings and fillers.................................................29 7.1 Inner coverings and fillers......................................................................................29 7.2 Cables with rated voltage 0,6/1 (1,2) kV .................................................................31 7.3 Cables with rated voltage 1,8/3 (3,6) kV .................................................................33 8 Metallic layers for single-core and multicore cables .........................................................33 9 Metallic screen ...............................................................................................................35 9.1 Construction ..........................................................................................................35 9.2 Requirements ........................................................................................................35 10 Concentric conductor ......................................................................................................35 10.1 Construction ..........................................................................................................35 10.2 Requirements ........................................................................................................35 10.3 Application.............................................................................................................35 11 Lead sheath....................................................................................................................35 12 Metallic armour...............................................................................................................37 12.1 Types of metallic armour........................................................................................37 12.2 Materials ...............................................................................................................37 12.3 Application of armour.............................................................................................39 12.4 Dimensions of the armour wires and armour tapes .................................................41 12.5 Correlation between cable diameters and armour dimensions ................................41 12.6 Round or flat wire armour ......................................................................................43 12.7 Double tape armour ...............................................................................................43 13 Oversheath.....................................................................................................................43 13.1 General .................................................................................................................43 13.2 Material .................................................................................................................43 13.3 Thickness..............................................................................................................45 14 Test conditions ...............................................................................................................45 14.1 Ambient temperature .............................................................................................45 14.2 Frequency and waveform of power frequency test voltages ....................................45 14.3 Waveform of impulse test voltages ........................................................................45 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 5 – 15 Routine tests ..................................................................................................................45 15.1 General .................................................................................................................45 15.2 Electrical resistance of conductors.........................................................................47 15.3 Voltage test ...........................................................................................................47 16 Sample tests...................................................................................................................49 16.1 General .................................................................................................................49 16.2 Frequency of sample tests .....................................................................................49 16.3 Repetition of tests..................................................................................................51 16.4 Conductor examination ..........................................................................................51 16.5 Measurement of thickness of insulation and of non-metallic sheaths (including extruded separation sheaths, but excluding inner extruded coverings)....................51 16.6 Measurement of thickness of lead sheath ..............................................................53 16.7 Measurement of armour wires and tapes................................................................53 16.8 Measurement of external diameter .........................................................................55 16.9 Hot set test for EPR, HEPR and XLPE insulations and elastomeric sheaths............55 17 Type tests, electrical.......................................................................................................55 17.1 Insulation resistance measurement at ambient temperature ...................................57 17.2 Insulation resistance measurement at maximum conductor temperature.................57 17.3 Voltage test for 4 h ................................................................................................59 17.4 Impulse test for cables of rated voltage 1,8/3 (3,6) kV ............................................59 18 Type tests, non-electrical ................................................................................................59 18.1 Measurement of thickness of insulation..................................................................61 18.2 Measurement of thickness of non-metallic sheaths (including extruded separation sheaths, but excluding inner coverings) ................................................61 18.3 Tests for determining the mechanical properties of insulation before and after ageing ...................................................................................................................61 18.4 Tests for determining the mechanical properties of non-metallic sheaths before and after ageing..........................................................................................63 18.5 Additional ageing test on pieces of completed cables .............................................63 18.6 Loss of mass test on PVC sheaths of type ST2 ......................................................65 18.7 Pressure test at high temperature on insulations and non-metallic sheaths.............65 18.8 Test on PVC insulation and sheaths and halogen free sheaths at low temperatures .........................................................................................................65 18.9 Test for resistance of PVC insulation and sheaths to cracking (heat shock test) .....65 18.10 Ozone resistance test for EPR and HEPR insulations.............................................67 18.11 Hot set test for EPR, HEPR and XLPE insulations and elastomeric sheaths............67 18.12 Oil immersion test for elastomeric sheaths.............................................................67 18.13 Water absorption test on insulation ........................................................................67 18.14 Fire tests ..............................................................................................................67 18.15 Measurement of carbon black content of black PE oversheaths..............................69 18.16 Shrinkage test for XLPE insulation .........................................................................71 18.17 Special bending test ..............................................................................................71 18.18 Determination of hardness of HEPR insulation .......................................................71 18.19 Determination of the elastic modulus of HEPR insulation........................................71 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 7 – 18.20 Shrinkage test for PE oversheaths .........................................................................73 18.21 Additional mechanical tests on halogen free oversheaths .......................................73 18.22 Water absorption test for halogen free oversheaths................................................73 19 Electrical tests after installation.......................................................................................73 Annex A (normative) Fictitious calculation method for determination of dimensions of protective coverings ..............................................................................................................95 A.1 General...........................................................................................................................95 A.2 Method ...........................................................................................................................95 Annex B (normative) Rounding of numbers......................................................................... 107 B.1 Rounding of numbers for the purpose of the fictitious calculation method....................... 107 B.2 Rounding of numbers for other purposes....................................................................... 107 Annex C (normative) Determination of hardness of HEPR insulations ................................. 111 C.1 Test piece..................................................................................................................... 111 C.2 Test procedure .............................................................................................................111 Figure C.1 – Test on surfaces of large radius of curvature ................................................... 113 Figure C.2 – Test on surfaces of small radius of curvature................................................... 115 Table 1 – Recommended rated voltages U 0 ...........................................................................21 Table 2 – Insulating compounds ............................................................................................23 Table 3 – Maximum conductor temperatures for different types of insulating compound .........23 Table 4 – Maximum conductor temperatures for different types of sheathing compound.........25 Table 5 – Nominal thickness of PVC/A insulation...................................................................27 Table 6 – Nominal thickness of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation ..........................27 Table 7 – Nominal thickness of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) and hard ethylene propylene rubber (HEPR) insulation.......................................................................................29 Table 8 – Thickness of extruded inner covering .....................................................................31 Table 9 – Nominal diameter of round armour wires ................................................................41 Table 10 – Nominal thickness of armour tapes ......................................................................41 Table 11 – Routine test voltages ...........................................................................................49 Table 12 – Number of samples for sample tests ....................................................................51 Table 13 – Electrical type test requirements for insulating compounds ...................................75 Table 14 – Non-electrical type tests (see Tables 15 to 23) ....................................................77 Table 15 – Test requirements for mechanical characteristics of insulating compounds (before and after ageing).......................................................................................................79 Table 16 – Test requirements for particular characteristics for PVC insulating compound.......81 Table 17 – Test requirements for particular characteristics of various thermosetting insulating compounds............................................................................................................83 Table 18 – Test requirements for mechanical characteristics of sheathing compounds (before and after ageing).......................................................................................................85 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 9 – Table 19 – Test requirements for particular characteristics for PVC sheathing compounds ...........................................................................................................................87 Table 20 – Test requirements for particular characteristics of thermoplastic PE sheathing compounds ...........................................................................................................89 Table 21 – Test requirements for particular characteristics of halogen free sheathing compound.............................................................................................................................91 Table 22 – Test requirements for particular characteristics of elastomeric sheathing compound.............................................................................................................................93 Table 23 – Test methods and requirements for halogen free compounds ...............................93 Table A.1 – Fictitious diameter of conductor ..........................................................................48 Table A.2 – Assembly coefficient k for laid-up cores ..............................................................99 Table A.3 – Increase of diameter for concentric conductors and metallic screens................. 101 Table A.4 – Increase of diameter for additional bedding....................................................... 105 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 11 – INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ____________ POWER CABLES WITH EXTRUDED INSULATION AND THEIR ACCESSORIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES FROM 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) UP TO 30 kV (U m = 36 kV) – Part 1: Cables for rated voltages of 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (U m = 3,6 kV) FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non- governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 60502-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 20: Electric cables. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 1997, its amendment 1 (1998) and constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the first edition relate to insulation and oversheath thickness requirements, and inclusion of constructions and requirements for halogen free cables with reduced flame propagation and low levels of smoke emission. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 13 – The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 20/683/FDIS 20/691/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. IEC 60502 consists of the following parts, under the general title Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U m = 36 kV): Part 1: Cables for rated voltages of 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (U m = 3,6 kV); Part 2: Cables for rated voltages from 6 kV (U m = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U m = 36 kV); Part 3: Reserved; Part 4: Test requirements on accessories for cables with rated voltages from 6 kV (U m = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U m = 36 kV). The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until 2009. At this date, the publication will be • reconfirmed; • withdrawn; • replaced by a revised edition, or • amended. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 15 – 1 Scope POWER CABLES WITH EXTRUDED INSULATION AND THEIR ACCESSORIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES FROM 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) UP TO 30 kV (U m = 36 kV) – Part 1: Cables for rated voltages of 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (U m = 3,6 kV) This part of IEC 60502 specifies the construction, dimensions and test requirements of power cables with extruded solid insulation for rated voltages of 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (U m = 3,6 kV) for fixed installations such as distribution networks or industrial installations. This standard includes cables which exhibit properties of reduced flame spread, low levels of smoke emission and halogen-free gas emission when exposed to fire. Cables for special installation and service conditions are not included, for example cables for overhead networks, the mining industry, nuclear power plants (in and around the containment area), submarine use or shipboard application. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60038:1983, IEC standard voltages IEC 60060-1:1989, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements IEC 60183:1984, Guide to the selection of high-voltage cables IEC 60228:1978, Conductors of insulated cables IEC 60230:1966, Impulse tests on cables and their accessories IEC 60332-1:1993, Tests on electric cables under fire conditions – Part 1: Test on a single vertical insulated wire or cable IEC 60332-3-24:2000, Tests on electric cables under fire conditions – Part 3-24: Test for vertical flame spread of vertically-mounted bunched wires or cables – Category C IEC 60502-2:1997, Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U m = 36 kV) – Part 2: Cables for rated voltages from 6 kV (U m = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U m = 36 kV) granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 17 – IEC 60684-2:1987, Flexible insulating sleeving – Part 2: Methods of test IEC 60724:2000, Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages of 1 kV (U m = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (U m = 3,6 kV) IEC 60754-1:1994, Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 1: Determination of the amount of halogen gas IEC 60754-2:1991, Test on gases evolved during combustion of electric cables – Part 2: Determination of degree of acidity of gases evolved during the combustion of materials taken from electric cables by measuring pH and conductivity IEC 60811-1-1:1993, Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Part 1: Methods for general application – Section 1: Measurement of thickness and overall dimensions – Tests for determining the mechanical properties IEC 60811-1-2:1985, Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Part 1: Methods for general application – Section 2: Thermal ageing methods IEC 60811-1-3:1993, Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Part 1: Methods for general application – Section 3: Methods for determining the density – Water absorption tests – Shrinkage test IEC 60811-1-4:1985, Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Part 1: Methods for general application – Section 4: Tests at low temperature IEC 60811-2-1:1998, Insulating and sheathing materials of electric and optical cables – Common test methods – Part 2-1: Methods specific to elastomeric compounds – Ozone resistance, hot set and mineral oil immersion tests IEC 60811-3-1:1985, Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Part 3: Methods specific to PVC compounds – Section 1: Pressure test at high temperature – Tests for resistance to cracking IEC 60811-3-2:1985, Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Part 3: Methods specific to PVC compounds – Section 2: Loss of mass test – Thermal stability test IEC 60811-4-1:1985, Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Part 4: Methods specific to polyethylene and polypropylene compounds – Section 1: Resistance to environmental stress cracking – Wrapping test after thermal ageing in air – Measurement of the melt flow index – Carbon black and/or mineral content measurement in PE IEC 61034-2: 1997, Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions – Part 2: Test procedure and requirements ISO 48:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD and 100 IRHD) granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 19 – 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Definitions of dimensional values (thicknesses, cross-sections, etc.) 3.1.1 nominal value value by which a quantity is designated and which is often used in tables NOTE Usually, in this standard, nominal values give rise to values to be checked by measurements taking into account specified tolerances. 3.1.2 approximate value value which is neither guaranteed nor checked; it is used, for example, for the calculation of other dimensional values 3.1.3 median value when several test results have been obtained and ordered in an increasing (or decreasing) succession, the median value is the middle value if the number of available values is odd, and the mean of the two middle values if the number is even 3.1.4 fictitious value value calculated according to the "fictitious method'' described in Annex A 3.2 Definitions concerning the tests 3.2.1 routine tests tests made by the manufacturer on each manufactured length of cable to check that each length meets the specified requirements 3.2.2 sample tests tests made by the manufacturer on samples of completed cable or components taken from a completed cable, at a specified frequency, so as to verify that the finished product meets the specified requirements 3.2.3 type tests tests made before supplying, on a general commercial basis, a type of cable covered by this standard, in order to demonstrate satisfactory performance characteristics to meet the intended application NOTE These tests are of such a nature that, after they have been made, they need not be repeated, unless changes are made in the cable materials or design or manufacturing process which might change the performance characteristics. 3.2.4 electrical tests after installation tests made to demonstrate the integrity of the cable and its accessories as installed granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 21 – 4 Voltage designations and materials 4.1 Rated voltages The rated voltages U 0 /U (U m ) of the cables considered in this standard are 0,6/1 (1,2) kV and 1,8/3 (3,6) kV. NOTE 1 The voltages given above are the correct designations although in some countries other designations are used, e.g. 1,7/3 kV or 1,9/3,3 kV instead of 1,8/3 kV. In the voltage designation of cables U 0 /U (U m ): U 0 is the rated power frequency voltage between conductor and earth or metallic screen for which the cable is designed; U is the rated power frequency voltage between conductors for which the cable is designed; U m is the maximum value of the "highest system voltage'' for which the equipment may be used (see IEC 60038). The rated voltage of the cable for a given application shall be suitable for the operating conditions in the system in which the cable is used. To facilitate the selection of the cable, systems are divided into three categories: – Category A: this category comprises those systems in which any phase conductor that comes in contact with earth or an earth conductor is disconnected from the system within 1 min; – Category B: this category comprises those systems which, under fault conditions, are operated for a short time with one phase earthed. This period, according to IEC 60183, should not exceed 1 h. For cables covered by this standard, a longer period, not exceeding 8 h on any occasion, can be tolerated. The total duration of earth faults in any year should not exceed 125 h; – Category C: this category comprises all systems which do not fall into category A or B. NOTE 2 It should be realized that in a system where an earth fault is not automatically and promptly isolated, the extra stresses on the insulation of cables during the earth fault reduce the life of the cables to a certain degree. If the system is expected to be operated fairly often with a permanent earth fault, it may be advisable to classify the system in Category C. The values of U 0 recommended for cables to be used in three-phase systems are listed in Table 1. Highest system voltage (U m ) Table 1 – Recommended rated voltages U 0 Rated voltage (U 0 ) kV kV Categories A and B Category C 1,2 3,6 0,6 1,8 * This category is covered by 3,6/6 (7,2) kV cables according to IEC 60502-2. 0,6 3,6 * granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 23 – 4.2 Insulating compounds The types of insulating compound covered by this standard are listed in Table 2, together with their abbreviated designations. Table 2 – Insulating compounds Insulating compound Abbreviated designation a) Thermoplastic Polyvinyl chloride intended for cables with rated voltages U 0 /U ≤ 1,8/3 kV PVC/A * b) Thermosetting: Ethylene propylene rubber or similar (EPM or EPDM) High modulus or hard grade ethylene propylene rubber Cross-linked polyethylene EPR HEPR XLPE * Insulating compound based on polyvinyl chloride intended for cables with rated voltages U 0 /U = 3,6/6 kV is designated PVC/B in IEC 60502-2. The maximum conductor temperatures for different types of insulating compound covered by this standard are given in Table 3. Table 3 – Maximum conductor temperatures for different types of insulating compound Insulating compound Polyvinyl chloride (PVC/A) Cross-linked polyethylene Ethylene propylene rubber Conductor cross-section ≤300 mm 2 Conductor cross-section >300 mm 2 (XLPE) (EPR and HEPR) Maximum conductor temperature °C Normal operation 70 70 90 90 Short-circuit (5 s maximum duration) The temperatures in Table 3 are based on the intrinsic properties of the insulating materials. It is important to take into account other factors when using these values for the calculation of current ratings. For example, in normal operation, if a cable directly buried in the ground is operated under continuous load (100 % load factor) at the maximum conductor temperature shown in the table, the thermal resistivity of the soil surrounding the cable may, in the course of time, increase from its original value as a result of drying-out processes. As a consequence, the conductor temperature may greatly exceed the maximum value. If such operating conditions are foreseen, adequate provisions shall be made. For guidance on the short-circuit temperatures, reference should be made to IEC 60724. 160 140 250 250 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 25 – 4.3 Sheathing compounds The maximum conductor temperatures for the different types of sheathing compound covered by this standard are given in Table 4. Table 4 – Maximum conductor temperatures for different types of sheathing compound a) Thermoplastic: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyethylene Halogen free Sheathing compound b) Elastomeric: Polychloroprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene or similar polymers 5 Conductors Abbreviated designation ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 7 ST 8 Maximum conductor temperature in normal operation °C 80 90 80 90 90 SE 1 85 The conductors shall be either of Class 1 or Class 2 of plain or metal-coated annealed copper or of plain aluminium or aluminium alloy, or of Class 5 of plain or metal-coated copper in accordance with IEC 60228. 6 Insulation 6.1 Material The insulation shall be extruded dielectric of one of the types listed in Table 2. For halogen free cables, the insulation shall meet the requirements given in Table 23. 6.2 Insulation thickness The nominal insulation thicknesses are specified in Tables 5 to 7. The thickness of any separator shall not be included in the thickness of the insulation. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 27 – Table 5 – Nominal thickness of PVC/A insulation Nominal cross-sectional area of conductor Nominal thickness of insulation at rated voltage U 0 /U (U m ) mm 2 0,6/1 (1,2) kV mm 1,8/3 (3,6) kV mm 1,5 and 2,5 4 and 6 10 and 16 25 and 35 50 and 70 95 and 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 to 800 1 000 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 – – 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 NOTE Any conductor cross-section smaller than those given in this table is not recommended. Table 6 – Nominal thickness of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation Nominal cross-sectional area of conductor Nominal thickness of insulation at rated voltage U 0 /U (U m ) mm 2 0,6/1 (1,2) kV mm 1,8/3 (3,6) kV mm 1,5 and 2,5 4 and 6 10 and 16 25 and 35 50 70 and 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1 000 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 – – 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 NOTE Any conductor cross-section smaller than those given in this table is not recommended. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 29 – Table 7 – Nominal thickness of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) and hard ethylene propylene rubber (HEPR) insulation Nominal thickness of insulation at rated voltage U 0 /U (U m ) 0,6/1 (1,2) kV 1,8/3 (3,6) kV Nominal cross-sectional area of conductor mm 2 EPR mm HEPR mm EPR mm HEPR mm 1,5 and 2,5 4 and 6 10 and 16 25 and 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1 000 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,4 1,6 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 2,8 2,8 3,0 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 – – 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,6 2,8 2,8 2,8 3,0 – – 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 NOTE Any conductor cross-section smaller than those given in this table is not recommended. 7 Assembly of multicore cables, inner coverings and fillers The assembly of multicore cables depends on the rated voltage and whether a metallic layer is applied to each core. The following subclauses 7.1 to 7.3 do not apply to assemblies of sheathed single-core cables. 7.1 Inner coverings and fillers 7.1.1 Construction The inner coverings may be extruded or lapped. For cables with circular cores, except cables with more than five cores, a lapped inner covering shall be permitted only if the interstices between the cores are substantially filled. A suitable binder is permitted before application of an extruded inner covering. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 31 – 7.1.2 Material The materials used for inner coverings and fillers shall be suitable for the operating temperature of the cable and compatible with the insulating material. For halogen free cables, the inner covering and fillers shall meet the requirements given in Table 23. 7.1.3 Thickness of extruded inner covering The approximate thickness of extruded inner coverings shall be derived from Table 8. Table 8 – Thickness of extruded inner covering Fictitious diameter over laid-up cores Above mm – 25 35 45 60 80 Up to and including mm 7.1.4 Thickness of lapped inner coverings 25 35 45 60 80 – Thickness of extruded inner covering (approximate values) mm The approximate thickness of lapped inner coverings shall be 0,4 mm for fictitious diameters over laid-up cores up to and including 40 mm and 0,6 mm for larger diameters. 7.2 Cables with rated voltage 0,6/1 (1,2) kV Cables with rated voltage 0,6/1(1,2) kV may have a metallic layer collectively surrounding the cores. NOTE The choice between cables having and cables not having a metallic layer depends upon national regulations and installation requirements for the prevention of possible dangers from mechanical damage or direct electrical contact. 7.2.1 Cables having a collective metallic layer (see Clause 8) Cables shall have an inner covering over the laid-up cores. The inner covering and fillers shall comply with 7.1. Metallic tapes may, however, be applied directly over the assembled cores, omitting the inner covering, provided that the nominal thickness of each tape does not exceed 0,3 mm and that the completed cable complies with the special bending test specified in 18.17. 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 33 – 7.2.2 Cables having no collective metallic layer (see Clause 8) The inner covering may be omitted, provided the outer shape of the cable remains practically circular and no adhesion occurs between cores and sheath. The oversheath may penetrate into the interstices of the cores, except in the case of thermoplastic oversheaths over circular cores exceeding 10 mm 2 . If, however, an inner covering is applied, its thickness need not comply with 7.1.3 or 7.1.4. 7.3 Cables with rated voltage 1,8/3 (3,6) kV Cables with rated voltage 1,8/3 (3,6) kV shall have a metallic layer surrounding the cores either individually or collectively. 7.3.1 Cables having only a collective metallic layer (see Clause 8) Cables shall have an inner covering over the laid-up cores. The inner covering and fillers shall comply with 7.1 and shall be non-hygroscopic. 7.3.2 Cables having a metallic layer over each individual core (see Clause 9) The metallic layers of the individual cores shall be in contact with each other. Cables with an additional collective metallic layer (see Clause 8) of the same material as the underlying individual metallic layers shall have an inner covering over the laid-up cores. The inner covering and fillers shall comply with 7.1 and shall be non-hygroscopic. When the underlying individual metallic layers and the collective metallic layer are of different materials, they shall be separated by an extruded sheath of one of the materials specified in 13.2. For lead-sheathed cables, the separation from the underlying individual metallic layers may be obtained by an inner covering according to 7.1. For cables having neither armour, nor concentric conductor, nor other collective metallic layer (see Clause 8), the inner covering may be omitted, provided the outer shape of the cable remains practically circular. The oversheath may penetrate into the interstices of the cores, except in the case of thermoplastic oversheaths over circular cores exceeding 10 mm 2 . If, however, an inner covering is applied, its thickness need not comply with 7.1.3 or 7.1.4. 8 Metallic layers for single-core and multicore cables The following types of metallic layers are included in this standard: a) metallic screen (see Clause 9); b) concentric conductor (see Clause 10); c) lead sheath (see Clause 11); d) metallic armour (see Clause 12). granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 35 – The metallic layer(s) shall comprise one or more of the types listed above and shall be non- magnetic when applied to either single-core cables or individual cores of multicore cables. 9 Metallic screen 9.1 Construction The metallic screen shall consist of one or more tapes, or a braid, or a concentric layer of wires or a combination of wires and tape(s). It may also be a sheath or, in the case of a collective screen, an armour which complies with 9.2. When choosing the material of the screen, special consideration shall be given to the possibility of corrosion, not only for mechanical safety but also for electrical safety. Gaps in the screen shall comply with the national regulations and/or standards. 9.2 Requirements The dimensional, physical and electrical requirements of the metallic screen shall be determined by national regulations and/or standards. 10 Concentric conductor 10.1 Construction Gaps in the concentric conductor shall comply with national regulations and/or standards. When choosing the material of the concentric conductor, special consideration shall be given to the possibility of corrosion, not only for mechanical safety but also for electrical safety. 10.2 Requirements The dimensional and physical requirements of the concentric conductor and its electrical resistance shall be determined by national regulations and/or standards. 10.3 Application When a concentric conductor is required, it shall be applied over the inner covering in the case of multicore cables. In the case of single-core cables, it shall be applied either directly over the insulation or over a suitable inner covering. 11 Lead sheath The sheath shall consist of lead or lead alloy and shall be applied as a reasonably tight-fitting seamless tube. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 37 – The nominal thickness shall be calculated using the following formula: a) for all single-core cables or assemblies thereof: t pb = 0,03 D g + 0,8 b) for all cables with sector-shaped conductors: c) for all other cables: t pb = 0,03 D g + 0,6 t pb = 0,03 D g + 0,7 where t pb is the nominal thickness of lead sheath, in millimetres; D g is the fictitious diameter under the lead sheath, in millimetres (rounded to the first decimal place in accordance with Annex B). In all cases the smallest nominal thickness shall be 1,2 mm. Calculated values shall be rounded to the first decimal place (see Annex B). 12 Metallic armour 12.1 Types of metallic armour The armour types covered by this standard are as follows: a) flat wire armour; b) round wire armour; c) double tape armour. NOTE For cables with rated voltage 0,6/1 (1,2) kV with conductor cross-sectional areas not exceeding 6 mm 2 , galvanized steelwire braid armour may be provided by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. 12.2 Materials Round or flat wires shall be of galvanized steel, copper or tinned copper, aluminium or aluminium alloy. Tapes shall be of steel, galvanized steel, aluminium or aluminium alloy. Steel tapes shall be hot- or cold-rolled of commercial quality. In those cases where the steel armour wire layer is required to comply with a minimum conductance, it is permissible to include sufficient copper or tinned copper wires in the armour layer to ensure compliance. When choosing the material of the armour, special consideration shall be given to the possibility of corrosion, not only for mechanical safety, but also for electrical safety, especially when the armour is used as a screen. The armour of single-core cables for use on a.c. systems shall consist of non-magnetic material, unless a special construction is chosen. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 39 – 12.3 Application of armour 12.3.1 Single-core cables In the case of single-core cables, an inner covering, extruded or lapped, of the thickness specified in 7.1.3 or 7.1.4, shall be applied under the armour. 12.3.2 Multicore cables In the case of multicore cables, the armour shall be applied on an inner covering complying with 7.1 except for special applications using metallic tapes, see 7.2.1. 12.3.3 Separation sheath When the underlying metallic layer and the armour are of different materials, they shall be separated by an extruded sheath of one of the materials specified in 13.2. For halogen free cables, the separation sheath (ST 8 ) shall meet the requirements given in Table 23. When an armour is required for a lead-sheathed cable, it may be applied over a lapped bedding according to 12.3.4. If a separation sheath is used, it shall be applied under the armour instead of, or in addition to, the inner covering. The nominal thickness of the separation sheath T s expressed in millimetres shall be calculated by the following formula: T s = 0,02 D u + 0,6 where D u is the fictitious diameter under this sheath, in millimetres, calculated as described in Annex A. The value resulting from the formula shall be rounded off to the nearest 0,1 mm (see Annex B). For cables without a lead sheath, the nominal thickness shall be not less than 1,2 mm. For cables where the separation sheath is applied directly over the lead sheath, the nominal thickness shall be not less than 1,0 mm. 12.3.4 Lapped bedding under armour for lead-sheathed cables The lapped bedding applied to the compound coated lead sheath shall consist of either impregnated and compounded paper tapes or a combination of two layers of impregnated and compounded paper tapes followed by one or more layers of compounded fibrous material. The impregnation of bedding materials may be made with bituminous or other preservative compounds. In case of wire armour, these compounds shall not be applied directly under the wires. Synthetic tapes may be used instead of impregnated paper tapes. The total thickness of the lapped bedding between the lead sheath and the armour after application of the armour shall have an approximate value of 1,5 mm. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 41 – 12.4 Dimensions of the armour wires and armour tapes The nominal dimensions of the armour wires and armour tapes shall preferably consist of one of the following values: Round wires: 0,8 – 1,25 – 1,6 – 2,0 – 2,5 – 3,15 mm diameter; Flat wires: 0,8 mm thickness; Tapes of steel: 0,2 – 0,5 – 0,8 mm thickness; Tapes of aluminium or aluminium alloy: 0,5 – 0,8 mm thickness. 12.5 Correlation between cable diameters and armour dimensions The nominal diameters of round armour wires and the nominal thicknesses of the armour tapes shall be not less than the values given in Tables 9 and 10, respectively. Table 9 – Nominal diameter of round armour wires Fictitious diameter under the armour Nominal diameter of armour wire Above mm – 10 15 25 35 60 Up to and including mm mm 10 15 25 35 60 – Table 10 – Nominal thickness of armour tapes 0,8 1,25 1,6 2,0 2,5 3,15 Fictitious diameter under the armour Nominal thickness of tape Above mm – 30 70 Up to and including mm 30 70 – Steel or galvanized steel mm 0,2 0,5 0,8 Aluminium or aluminium alloy mm NOTE This table does not apply to cables having metallic tapes applied directly over the assembled cores (see 7.2.1). For flat armour wires and fictitious diameters under the armour greater than 15 mm, the nominal thickness of the flat steel wire shall be 0,8 mm. Cables with fictitious diameters under the armour up to and including 15 mm shall not be armoured with flat wires. 0,5 0,5 0,8 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 43 – 12.6 Round or flat wire armour The wire armour shall be closed, i.e. with a minimum gap between adjacent wires. An open helix consisting of galvanized steel tape with a nominal thickness of at least 0,3 mm may be provided over flat steel wire armour and over round steel wire armour, if necessary. Tolerances on this steel tape shall comply with 16.7.3. 12.7 Double tape armour When a tape armour and an inner covering as specified in 7.1 are used, the inner covering shall be reinforced by a taped bedding. The total thickness of the inner covering and the additional taped bedding shall be as given in 7.1 plus 0,5 mm if the armour tape thickness is 0,2 mm, and plus 0,8 mm if the armour tape thickness is more than 0,2 mm. The total thickness of the inner covering and the additional taped bedding shall be not less than these values by more than 0,2 mm with a tolerance of + 20 %. If a separation sheath is required or if the inner covering is extruded and satisfies the requirements of 12.3.3, the additional taped bedding is not required. The tape armour shall be applied helically in two layers so that the outer tape is approximately central over the gap of the inner tape. The gap between adjacent turns of each tape shall not exceed 50 % of the width of the tape. 13 Oversheath 13.1 General All cables shall have an oversheath. The oversheath is normally black but a colour other than black may be provided by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, subject to its suitability for the particular conditions under which the cable is to be used. NOTE A UV stability test is under consideration. 13.2 Material The oversheath shall consist of a thermoplastic compound (PVC or polyethylene or halogen free) or an elastomeric compound (polychloroprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene or similar polymers). Halogen free sheathing material shall be used on cables which exhibit properties of reduced flame spread, low levels of smoke emission and halogen free gas emission when exposed to fire. The oversheath (ST 8 ) of halogen free cables shall meet the requirements given in Table 23. The sheathing material shall be suitable for the operating temperature in accordance with Table 4. Chemical additives may be requested for use in the oversheath for special purposes, for example termite protection, but they should not include materials harmful to mankind and/or the environment. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 45 – NOTE Examples of materials 1) considered to be undesirable include: Aldrin 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene Dieldrin 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene Lindane Gamma Isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-cyclohexane. 13.3 Thickness Unless otherwise specified, the nominal thickness t s expressed in millimetres shall be calculated using the following formula: t s = 0,035 D + 1,0 where D is the fictitious diameter immediately under the oversheath, in millimetres (see Annex A). The value resulting from the formula shall be rounded off to the nearest 0,1 mm (see Annex B). For unarmoured cables and cables with the oversheath not applied directly over the armour, metallic screen or concentric conductor, the nominal thickness shall be not less than 1,4 mm for single-core cables and 1,8 mm for multicore cables. For cables with the oversheath applied directly over the armour, metallic screen or concentric conductor, the nominal thickness shall be not less than 1,8 mm. 14 Test conditions 14.1 Ambient temperature Unless otherwise specified in the details for the particular test, tests shall be made at an ambient temperature of (20 ± 15) °C. 14.2 Frequency and waveform of power frequency test voltages The frequency of the alternating test voltages shall be in the range 49 Hz to 61 Hz. The waveform shall be substantially sinusoidal. The values quoted are r.m.s. values. 14.3 Waveform of impulse test voltages In accordance with IEC 60230, the impulse wave shall have a virtual front time between 1 µs and 5 µs and a nominal time to half the peak value between 40 µs and 60 µs, and in other respects shall be in accordance with IEC 60060-1. 15 Routine tests 15.1 General Routine tests are normally carried out on each manufactured length of cable (see 3.2.1). The number of lengths to be tested may, however, be reduced according to agreed quality control procedures. ___________ 1) Source: Dangerous properties of industrial materials, N.I. Sax, fifth edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-27373-8. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 47 – The routine tests required by this standard include: a) measurement of the electrical resistance of conductors (see 15.2); b) voltage test (see 15.3). 15.2 Electrical resistance of conductors Resistance measurements shall be made on all conductors of each cable length submitted to the routine tests, including the concentric conductor, if any. The complete cable length, or a sample from it, shall be placed in the test room, which shall be maintained at a reasonably constant temperature, for at least 12 h before the test. In case of doubt as to whether the conductor temperature is the same as the room temperature, the resistance shall be measured after the cable has been in the test room for 24 h. Alternatively, the resistance can be measured on a sample of conductor conditioned for at least 1 h in a temperature controlled liquid bath. The measured value of resistance shall be corrected to a temperature of 20 °C and 1 km length in accordance with the formulae and factors given in IEC 60228. The d.c. resistance of each conductor at 20 °C shall not exceed the appropriate maximum value specified in IEC 60228. For concentric conductors, the resistance shall comply with national regulations and/or standards. 15.3 Voltage test 15.3.1 General The voltage test shall be made at ambient temperature, using either alternating voltage at power frequency or direct voltage, at the manufacturer's option. 15.3.2 Test procedure for single-core cables For single-core screened cables, the test voltage shall be applied for 5 min between the conductor and the metallic screen. Single-core unscreened cables shall be immersed in water at room temperature for 1 h and the test voltage then applied for 5 min between the conductor and the water. NOTE A spark test is under consideration for single-core cables without any metallic layer. 15.3.3 Test procedure for multicore cables For multicore cables with individually screened cores, the test voltage shall be applied for 5 min between each conductor and the metallic layer. For multicore cables without individually screened cores, the test voltage shall be applied for 5 min in succession between each insulated conductor and all the other conductors and collective metallic layers, if any. The conductors may be suitably connected for successive applications of the test voltage to limit the total testing time, provided that the sequence of connections ensures that the voltage is applied for at least 5 min without interruption between each conductor and each other conductor and between each conductor and the metallic layers, if any. Alternatively, three-core cables may be tested in a single operation by using a three-phase transformer. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 49 – 15.3.4 Test voltage The power frequency test voltage shall be 2,5 U 0 + 2 kV. Values of single-phase test voltages for the standard rated voltages are given in Table 11. Table 11 – Routine test voltages Rated voltage U 0 kV 0,6 1,8 Test voltage kV 3,5 6,5 If, for three-core cables, the voltage test is carried out with a three-phase transformer, the test voltage between the phases shall be 1,73 times the values given in this table. When a direct voltage is used, the applied voltage shall be 2,4 times the power frequency test voltage. In all cases, the test voltage shall be increased gradually to the specified value. 15.3.5 Requirement No breakdown of the insulation shall occur. 16 Sample tests 16.1 General The sample tests required by this standard include: a) conductor examination (see 16.4); b) check of dimensions (see 16.5 to 16.8); c) hot set test for EPR, HEPR and XLPE insulations and elastomeric sheaths (see 16.9). 16.2 Frequency of sample tests 16.2.1 Conductor examination and check of dimensions Conductor examination, measurement of the thickness of insulation and sheath and measurement of the overall diameter shall be made on one length from each manufacturing series of the same type and nominal cross-section of cable, but shall be limited to not more than 10 % of the number of lengths in any contract. 16.2.2 Physical tests Physical tests shall be carried out on samples taken from manufactured cables according to agreed quality control procedures. In the absence of such an agreement, for contracts where the total length exceeds 2 km for multicore cables or 4 km for single-core cables, tests shall be made on the basis of Table 12. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 51 – Above km 2 10 20 Table 12 – Number of samples for sample tests Cable length Multicore cables Single-core cables 16.3 Repetition of tests Up to and including km Above km Up to and including km Number of samples 10 4 20 1 20 20 40 2 30 40 60 3 etc. etc. etc. If any sample fails in any of the tests in Clause 16, two further samples shall be taken from the same batch and submitted to the same test or tests in which the original sample failed. If both additional samples pass the tests, all the cables in the batch from which they were taken shall be regarded as complying with the requirements of this standard. If either of the additional samples fails, the batch from which they were taken shall be regarded as failing to comply. 16.4 Conductor examination Compliance with the requirements of IEC 60228 for conductor construction shall be checked by inspection and by measurement, when practicable. 16.5 Measurement of thickness of insulation and of non-metallic sheaths (including extruded separation sheaths, but excluding inner extruded coverings) 16.5.1 General The test method shall be in accordance with Clause 8 of IEC 60811-1-1. Each cable length selected for the test shall be represented by a piece of cable taken from one end after having discarded, if necessary, any portion which may have suffered damage. For cables having more than three cores with conductors of equal nominal cross-section, the number of cores on which the measurement is made shall be limited to either three cores or 10 % of the cores, whichever is larger. 16.5.2 Requirements for the insulation For each piece of core, the average of the measured values, rounded to 0,1 mm in accordance with Annex B, shall be not less than the nominal thickness, and the smallest value measured shall not fall below 90 % of the nominal value by more than 0,1 mm, i.e.: t m ≥ 0,9t n – 0,1 where t m is the minimum thickness, in millimetres; t n is the nominal thickness, in millimetres. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 53 – 16.5.3 Requirements for non-metallic sheaths The piece of sheath shall comply with the following: a) for unarmoured cables and cables with an oversheath not applied directly over armour, metallic screen or concentric conductor, the smallest value measured shall not fall below 85 % of the nominal value by more than 0,1 mm, i.e.: t m ≥ 0,85t n – 0,1 b) for an oversheath applied directly over armour, metallic screen or concentric conductor, and for a separation sheath, the smallest measured value shall not fall below 80 % of the nominal value by more than 0,2 mm, i.e.: t m ≥ 0,8t n – 0,2 16.6 Measurement of thickness of lead sheath The minimum thickness of the lead sheath shall be determined by one of the following methods, at the discretion of the manufacturer, and shall not fall below 95 % of the nominal value by more than 0,1 mm, i.e.: 16.6.1 Strip method t m ≥ 0,95t n – 0,1 The measurement shall be made with a micrometer with plane faces of 4 mm to 8 mm diameter and an accuracy of ±0,01 mm. The measurement shall be made on a test piece of sheath about 50 mm in length, removed from the completed cable. The piece shall be slit longitudinally and carefully flattened. After cleaning the test piece, a sufficient number of measurements shall be made along the circumference of the sheath and not less than 10 mm away from the edge of the flattened piece to ensure that the minimum thickness is measured. 16.6.2 Ring method The measurements shall be made with a micrometer having either one flat nose and one ball nose, or one flat nose and a flat rectangular nose 0,8 mm wide and 2,4 mm long. The ball nose or the flat rectangular nose shall be applied to the inside of the ring. The accuracy of the micrometer shall be ±0,01 mm. The measurements shall be made on a ring of the sheath carefully cut from the sample. The thickness shall be determined at a sufficient number of points around the circumference of the ring to ensure that the minimum thickness is measured. 16.7 Measurement of armour wires and tapes 16.7.1 Measurement on wires The diameter of round wires and the thickness of flat wires shall be measured by means of a micrometer having two flat noses to an accuracy of ±0,01 mm. For round wires, two measure- ments shall be made at right angles to each other at the same position and the average of the two values taken as the diameter. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 55 – 16.7.2 Measurement on tapes The measurement shall be made with a micrometer having two flat noses of approximately 5 mm in diameter to an accuracy of ±0,01 mm. For tapes up to 40 mm in width, the thickness shall be measured at the centre of the width. For wider tapes the measurements shall be made 20 mm from each edge of the tape and the average of the results taken as the thickness. 16.7.3 Requirements The dimensions of armour wires and tapes shall not fall below the nominal values given in 12.5 by more than: – 5 % for round wires; – 8 % for flat wires; – 10 % for tapes. 16.8 Measurement of external diameter If the measurement of the external diameter of the cable is required as a sample test, it shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 8 of IEC 60811-1-1. 16.9 Hot set test for EPR, HEPR and XLPE insulations and elastomeric sheaths 16.9.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 9 of IEC 60811-2-1, employing the conditions given in Tables 17 and 22. 16.9.2 Requirements The test results shall comply with the requirements given in Table 17 for EPR, HEPR and XLPE insulations, and in Table 22 for SE 1 sheaths. 17 Type tests, electrical A sample of completed cable, 10 m to 15 m in length, shall be subjected to the following tests, applied successively: a) insulation resistance measurement at ambient temperature (see 17.1); b) insulation resistance measurement at maximum conductor temperature in normal operation (see 17.2); c) voltage test for 4 h (see 17.3). Cables of rated voltage 1,8/3 (3,6) kV shall also be subjected to an impulse test on a separate sample of completed cable, 10 m to 15 m in length (see 17.4). The tests shall be limited to not more than three cores. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 57 – 17.1 Insulation resistance measurement at ambient temperature 17.1.1 Procedure This test shall be made on the sample length before any other electrical test. All outer coverings shall be removed and the cores shall be immersed in water at ambient temperature for at least 1 h before the test. The d.c. test voltage shall be between 80 V and 500 V and shall be applied for sufficient time to reach a reasonably steady measurement, but in any case for not less than 1 min and not more than 5 min. The measurement shall be made between each conductor and the water. If requested, measurement may be confirmed at a temperature of (20 ± 1) °C. 17.1.2 Calculations The volume resistivity shall be calculated from the measured insulation resistance by the following formula: where ρ = 2 × π × l × R ln ρ is the volume resistivity, in ohms · centimetres; R is the measured insulation resistance, in ohms; l is the length of the cable, in centimetres; D is the outer diameter of the insulation, in millimetres; d is the inner diameter of the insulation, in millimetres. The "insulation resistance constant K i " expressed in megohms ⋅ kilometres may also be calculated, using the formula: D d −11 l × R ×10 −11 K i = =10 × 0,367 × ρ log D d NOTE For the cores of shaped conductors, the ratio D/d is the ratio of the perimeter over the insulation to the perimeter over the conductor. 17.1.3 Requirements The values calculated from the measurements shall be not less than those specified in Table 13. 17.2 Insulation resistance measurement at maximum conductor temperature 17.2.1 Procedure The cores of the cable sample shall be immersed in water at a temperature within ±2 °C of the maximum conductor temperature in normal operation for at least 1 h before the test. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 59 – The d.c. test voltage shall be 80 V to 500 V and shall be applied for sufficient time to reach a reasonably steady measurement, but in any case for not less than 1 min and not more than 5 min. The measurement shall be made between each conductor and the water. 17.2.2 Calculations The volume resistivity and/or the insulation resistance constant shall be calculated from the insulation resistance by the formulae given in 17.1.2. 17.2.3 Requirements The values calculated from the measurements shall be not less than those specified in Table 13. 17.3 Voltage test for 4 h 17.3.1 Procedure The cores of the cable sample shall be immersed in water at ambient temperature for at least 1 h before the test. A power frequency voltage equal to 4 U 0 shall then be gradually applied and maintained continuously for 4 h between each conductor and the water. 17.3.2 Requirements No breakdown of the insulation shall occur. 17.4 Impulse test for cables of rated voltage 1,8/3 (3,6) kV 17.4.1 Procedure This test shall be performed on the sample at a conductor temperature between 5 °C and 10 °C above the maximum conductor temperature in normal operation. The impulse voltage shall be applied according to the procedure given in IEC 60230 and shall have a peak value of 40 kV. For multicore cables in which the cores are not individually screened, each series of impulses shall be applied in turn between each phase conductor and all the other conductors connected together and to earth. 17.4.2 Requirements Each core of the cable shall withstand, without failure, 10 positive and 10 negative voltage impulses. 18 Type tests, non-electrical The non-electrical type tests required by this standard are given in Table 14. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 61 – 18.1 Measurement of thickness of insulation 18.1.1 Sampling One sample shall be taken from each insulated cable core. For cables having more than three cores with conductors of equal nominal cross-section, the number of cores on which the measurement is made shall be limited to either three cores or 10 % of the cores, whichever is larger. 18.1.2 Procedure The measurements shall be made as described in 8.1 of IEC 60811-1-1. 18.1.3 Requirements See 16.5.2. 18.2 Measurement of thickness of non-metallic sheaths (including extruded separation sheaths, but excluding inner coverings) 18.2.1 Sampling One sample of cable shall be taken. 18.2.2 Procedure The measurements shall be made as described in 8.2 of IEC 60811-1-1. 18.2.3 Requirements See 16.5.3. 18.3 Tests for determining the mechanical properties of insulation before and after ageing 18.3.1 Sampling Sampling and the preparation of the test pieces shall be carried out as described in 9.1 of IEC 60811-1-1. 18.3.2 Ageing treatments The ageing treatments shall be carried out as described in 8.1 of IEC 60811-1-2 under the conditions specified in Table 15. The tensile and bending tests after ageing with the copper conductor of Table 15 are only applicable to 0,6/1(1,2) kV cables. The bending test is only carried out on those cables for which the insulation cannot be subjected to the tensile test. NOTE The tensile and bending tests, carried out after ageing in the presence of a copper conductor, are recommended. However, insufficient information has been obtained to date to make these requirements mandatory, except by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 18.3.3 Conditioning and mechanical tests Conditioning and the measurement of mechanical properties shall be carried out as described in 9.1 of IEC 60811-1-1. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 63 – 18.3.4 Requirements The test results for aged and unaged test pieces shall comply with the requirements given in Table 15. 18.4 Tests for determining the mechanical properties of non-metallic sheaths before and after ageing 18.4.1 Sampling Sampling and the preparation of the test pieces shall be carried out as described in 9.2 of IEC 60811-1-1. 18.4.2 Ageing treatments The ageing treatments shall be carried out as described in 8.1 of IEC 60811-1-2, under the conditions specified in Table 18. 18.4.3 Conditioning and mechanical tests Conditioning and the measurement of mechanical properties shall be carried out as described in 9.2 of IEC 60811-1-1. 18.4.4 Requirements The test results for aged and unaged test pieces shall comply with the requirements given in Table 18. 18.5 Additional ageing test on pieces of completed cables 18.5.1 General This test is intended to check that the insulation and non-metallic sheaths are not liable to deteriorate in operation due to contact with other components in the cable. The test is applicable to cables of all types. 18.5.2 Sampling Samples shall be taken from the completed cable as described in 8.1.4 of IEC 60811-1-2. 18.5.3 Ageing treatment The ageing treatment of the pieces of cable shall be carried out in an air oven, as described in 8.1.4 of IEC 60811-1-2, under the following conditions: – temperature: (10 ± 2) °C above the maximum conductor temperature of the cable in normal operation (see Table 15); – duration: 7 × 24 h. 18.5.4 Mechanical tests Test pieces of insulation and oversheath from the aged pieces of cable shall be prepared and subjected to mechanical tests as described in 8.1.4 of IEC 60811-1-2. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 65 – 18.5.5 Requirements The variations between the median values of tensile strength and elongation-at-break after ageing and the corresponding values obtained without ageing (see 18.3 and 18.4) shall not exceed the values applying to the test after ageing in an air oven specified in Table 15 for insulations, and Table 18 for non-metallic sheaths. 18.6 Loss of mass test on PVC sheaths of type ST 2 18.6.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be in accordance with 8.2 of IEC 60811-3-2. 18.6.2 Requirements The test results shall comply with the requirements given in Table 19. 18.7 Pressure test at high temperature on insulations and non-metallic sheaths 18.7.1 Procedure The pressure test at high temperature shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 8 of IEC 60811-3-1, employing the test conditions given in the test method and in Tables 16 and 20. 18.7.2 Requirements The test results shall comply with the requirements given in Clause 8 of IEC 60811-3-1. 18.8 Test on PVC insulation and sheaths and halogen free sheaths at low temperatures 18.8.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedures shall be in accordance with Clause 8 of IEC 60811-1-4, employing the test temperature specified in Tables 16, 19 and 21. 18.8.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements given in Clause 8 of IEC 60811-1-4. 18.9 Test for resistance of PVC insulation and sheaths to cracking (heat shock test) 18.9.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be in accordance with Clause 9 of IEC 60811-3-1, the test temperature and duration being in accordance with Tables 16 and 19. 18.9.2 Requirements The results of the tests shall comply with the requirements given in Clause 9 of IEC 60811-3-1. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 67 – 18.10 Ozone resistance test for EPR and HEPR insulations 18.10.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 8 of IEC 60811-2-1. The ozone concentration and test duration shall be in accordance with Table 17. 18.10.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements given in Clause 8 of IEC 60811-2-1. 18.11 Hot set test for EPR, HEPR and XLPE insulations and elastomeric sheaths The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with 16.9 and shall comply with its requirements. 18.12 Oil immersion test for elastomeric sheaths 18.12.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 10 of IEC 60811-2-1, employing the conditions given in Table 22. 18.12.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements given in Table 22. 18.13 Water absorption test on insulation 18.13.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with 9.1 or 9.2 of IEC 60811-1-3, employing the conditions specified in Tables 16 or 17, respectively. 18.13.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements specified in 9.1 of IEC 60811-1-3 or Table 17, respectively. 18.14 Fire tests 18.14.1 Flame spread test on single cables This test shall be carried out on ST 1 , ST 2 , or SE 1 oversheathed cables only when specially required. The test method and requirements shall be those specified in IEC 60332-1. 18.14.2 Flame spread test on bunched cables This test shall be carried out on ST 8 oversheathed halogen free cables. The test method and requirements shall be those specified in IEC 60332-3-24. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 69 – 18.14.3 Smoke emission test This test shall be carried out on ST 8 oversheathed halogen free cables. The test method and requirements shall be those specified in IEC 61034-2. 18.14.4 Acid gas emission test This test shall be carried out on the non-metallic components of ST 8 oversheathed halogen free cables. 18.14.4.1 Procedure The test method shall be that specified in IEC 60754-1. 18.14.4.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 23. 18.14.5 pH and conductivity test This test shall be carried out on the non-metallic components of ST 8 oversheathed halogen free cables. 18.14.5.1 Procedure The test method shall be that specified in IEC 60754-2. 18.14.5.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 23. 18.14.6 Fluorine content test This test shall be carried out on the non-metallic components of ST 8 oversheathed halogen free cables. 18.14.6.1 Procedure The test method shall be that specified in IEC 60684-2. 18.14.6.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 23. 18.14.7 Toxicity test Under consideration. NOTE A test method is under development within IEC. 18.15 Measurement of carbon black content of black PE oversheaths 18.15.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 11 of IEC 60811-4-1. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 71 – 18.15.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 20. 18.16 Shrinkage test for XLPE insulation 18.16.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 10 of IEC 60811-1-3 under the conditions specified in Table 17. 18.16.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 17. 18.17 Special bending test This test shall be made on multicore cables with rated voltage 0,6/1 (1,2) kV, having a collective metallic layer in the form of metallic tapes applied directly over the assembled cores and omitting the inner covering. 18.17.1 Procedure The sample shall be bent around a test cylinder (for example, the hub of a drum) at ambient temperature for at least one complete turn. The diameter of the cylinder shall be 7 D ± 5 % where D is the actual external diameter of the cable sample. The cable shall then be unwound and the process shall be repeated except that the bending of the sample shall be in the reverse direction. This cycle of operations shall be carried out three times. The sample, left bent around the cylinder shall then be placed in an air oven heated to the maximum conductor temperature in normal operation of the cable for 24 h. After the cable has cooled down, and while it is still bent, the voltage test shall be carried out in accordance with 15.3. 18.17.2 Requirements No breakdown shall occur and the oversheath shall show no sign of cracking. 18.18 Determination of hardness of HEPR insulation 18.18.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with Annex C. 18.18.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 17. 18.19 Determination of the elastic modulus of HEPR insulation 18.19.1 Procedure Sampling, preparation of the test pieces and the test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 9 of IEC 60811-1-1. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 73 – The loads required for 150 % elongation shall be measured. The corresponding stresses shall be calculated by dividing the loads measured by the cross-sectional areas of the unstretched test pieces. The ratios of the stresses to strains shall be determined to obtain the elastic moduli at 150 % elongation. The elastic modulus shall be the median value. 18.19.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 17. 18.20 Shrinkage test for PE oversheaths 18.20.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with Clause 11 of IEC 60811-1-3 under the conditions specified in Table 20. 18.20.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 20. NOTE For halogen free oversheaths, the test method is under consideration. 18.21 Additional mechanical tests on halogen free oversheaths These tests are intended to check that the halogen free oversheaths are not liable to damage during installation and operation. NOTE Abrasion, tear resistance and heat shock tests are under consideration. 18.22 Water absorption test for halogen free oversheaths 18.22.1 Procedure The sampling and test procedure shall be carried out in accordance with 9.2 of IEC 60811-1-3 employing the conditions specified in Table 21. 18.22.2 Requirements The results of the test shall comply with the requirements of Table 21. 19 Electrical tests after installation Tests after installation are made, if required, when the installation of the cable and its accessories has been completed. A d.c. voltage equal to 4 U 0 shall be applied for 15 min. NOTE Electrical tests on repaired installations are subject to installation requirements. The above test is for new installations only. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 75 – Table 13 – Electrical type test requirements for insulating compounds Designation of compounds (see 4.2) Maximum conductor temperature in normal operation (see 4.2) Volume resistivity ρ – at 20 °C (see 17.1) – at maximum conductor temperature in normal operation (see 17.2) Insulation resistance constant K i – at 20 °C (see 17.1) – at maximum conductor temperature in normal operation (see 17.2) Unit PVC/A EPR/ HEPR XLPE °C 70 90 90 Ω·cm Ω·cm MΩ·km MΩ·km 10 13 10 10 36,7 0,037 – 10 12 – 3,67 – 10 12 – 3,67 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 77 – Designation of compounds (see 4.2 and 4.3) Dimensions Table 14 – Non-electrical type tests (see Tables 15 to 23) Insulations Sheaths PVC/A EPR HEPR XLPE PVC PE ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 7 ST 8 SE 1 Measurements of thickness x x x x x x x x x x Mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation-at-break) Without ageing x x x x x x x x x x After ageing in air oven x x x x x x x x x x After ageing of pieces of complete cable x x x x x x x x x x After immersion in hot oil – – – – – – – – – x Thermoplastic properties Hot pressure test (indentation) x – – – x x – x x – Behaviour at low temperature x – – – x x – – x – Miscellaneous Loss of mass in air oven – – – – – x – – – – Heat shock test (cracking) x – – – x x – – – – Ozone resistance test – x x – – – – – – – Hot set test – x x x – – – – – x Water absorption x x x x – – – – x – Shrinkage test – – – x – – x x Carbon black content a – – – – – – x x – – Determination of hardness – – x – – – – – – – Determination of elastic modulus – – x – – – – – – – Fire tests Flame spread test on single cables (if required) – – – – x x – – – x Flame spread test on bunched cables – – – – – – – – x – Smoke emission test on cables – – – – – – – – x – Acid gas emission test – pH and conductivity – Fluorine content test − a b c NOTE x indicates that the type test is to be applied. For black oversheaths only. b b b b b b b b b – – – – x – − – – – x – − − − − x − Indicates that the test is only required for EPR, HEPR and XLPE when the cable is claimed to be halogen free. Under consideration. c – granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 79 – Table 15 – Test requirements for mechanical characteristics of insulating compounds (before and after ageing) Unit PVC/A EPR HEPR XLPE Designation of compounds (see 4.2) 0,6/1(1,2) kV cables with copper conductors All other cables 0,6/1(1,2) kV cables with copper con ductors All other cables 0,6/1(1,2) kV cables with copper con ductors All other cables Maximum conductor temperature in normal operation (see 4.2) °C 70 90 90 90 90 90 90 Without ageing (IEC 60811-1-1, Subclause 9.1) Tensile strength, minimum N/mm 2 12,5 4,2 4,2 8,5 8,5 12,5 12,5 Elongation-at-break, minimum % 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 After ageing in an air oven (IEC 60811-1-2, Subclause 8.1) After ageing without conductor Treatment: – temperature – tolerance – duration °C °C h 100 ±2 168 135 ±3 168 135 ±3 168 135 ±3 168 135 ±3 168 135 ±3 168 135 ±3 168 Tensile strength a) value after ageing, minimum b) variation a , maximum N/mm 2 % 12,5 ±25 – ±30 – ±30 – ±30 – ±30 – ±25 – ±25 Elongation-at-break: a) value after ageing, minimum b) variation a , maximum % % 150 ±25 – ±30 – ±30 – ±30 – ±30 – ±25 – ±25 After ageing with copper conductor followed by the tensile test b – Treatment: – temperature – tolerance – duration °C °C h – – – 150 ±3 168 – – – 150 ±3 168 – – – 150 ±3 168 – – – Tensile strength: Variation a , maximum % – ±30 – ±30 – ±30 – Elongation-at-break: Variation a , maximum % – ±30 – ±30 – ±30 – After ageing with copper conductor followed by bending test (only if the tensile test is not practicable) b Treatment: – temperature – tolerance – duration °C °C h – – – 150 ±3 240 – – – 150 ±3 240 – – – 150 ±3 240 – – – Results to be obtained – No cracks – No cracks – No cracks – a Variation: difference between the median value obtained after ageing and the median value obtained without ageing expressed as a percentage of the latter. b See 18.3.2. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 81 – Table 16 – Test requirements for particular characteristics for PVC insulating compound Designation of compound (see 4.2 and 4.3) Unit PVC/A Use of the PVC compound Insulation Pressure test at high temperature (IEC 60811-3-1, Clause 8) – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C 80 Behaviour at low temperature a (IEC 60811-1-4, Clause 8) Test to be carried out without previous ageing: – cold bending test for diameter <12,5 mm – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C –15 Cold elongation test on dumb-bells: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C –15 Cold impact test: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C – Heat shock test (IEC 60811-3-1, Clause 9) Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±3 °C) – duration Water absorption (IEC 60811-1-3, Subclause 9.1) Electrical method: Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) – duration a °C h °C h 150 1 70 240 Due to climatic conditions, national standards may require the use of a lower temperature. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 83 – Table 17 – Test requirements for particular characteristics of various thermosetting insulating compounds Designation of compounds (see 4.2) Ozone resistance (IEC 60811-2-1, Clause 8) Ozone concentration (by volume) % 0,025 to 0,030 Unit EPR HEPR XLPE 0,025 to 0,030 – Test duration without cracks h 24 24 – Hot set test (IEC 60811-2-1, Clause 9) Treatment: – air temperature (tolerance ±3 °C) – time under load – mechanical stress °C min N/cm 2 Maximum elongation under load % 175 175 175 Maximum permanent elongation after cooling % 15 15 15 Water absorption (IEC 60811-1-3, Subclause 9.2) Gravimetric method: Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) – duration Maximum increase of mass mg/cm 2 5 5 1 a Shrinkage test (IEC 60811-1-3, Clause 10) Distance L between marks mm – – 200 Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±3 °C) – duration Maximum shrinkage % – – 4 Determination of hardness (see Annex C) IRHD b , minimum – 80 – Determination of elastic modulus (see 18.19) Modulus at 150 % elongation, minimum N/mm 2 – 4,5 – a b °C h °C h 250 15 20 85 336 – – 250 15 20 85 336 An increase greater than 1 mg/cm 2 is being considered for densities of XLPE greater than 1 g/cm 3 . IRHD: international rubber hardness degree. – – 200 15 20 85 336 130 1 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 85 – Table 18 – Test requirements for mechanical characteristics of sheathing compounds (before and after ageing) Designation of compounds (see 4.3) Maximum conductor temperature in normal operation (see 4.3) Without ageing (IEC 60811-1-1, Subclause 9.2) Unit ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 7 ST 8 SE 1 °C 80 90 80 90 90 85 Tensile strength, minimum N/mm 2 12,5 12,5 10,0 12,5 9,0 10,0 Elongation-at-break, minimum % 150 150 300 300 125 300 After ageing in an air oven (IEC 60811-1-2, Subclause 8.1) Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) – duration Tensile strength: a) value after ageing, minimum b) variation a , maximum Elongation-at-break: a) value after ageing, minimum b) variation a , maximum a °C h N/mm 2 % % % Variation: difference between the median value obtained after treatment and the median value without treatment, expressed as a percentage of the latter. 100 168 12,5 ±25 150 ±25 100 168 12,5 ±25 150 ±25 100 240 – – 300 – 110 240 – – 300 – 100 168 9,0 ±40 100 ±40 100 168 – ±30 250 ±40 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 87 – Table 19 – Test requirements for particular characteristics for PVC sheathing compounds Designation of compound (see 4.2 and 4.3) Unit ST 1 ST 2 Use of the PVC compound Sheath Loss of mass in an air oven (IEC 60811-3-2, Subclause 8.2) Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) – duration Maximum loss of mass mg/cm 2 – 1,5 Pressure test at high temperature (IEC 60811-3-1, Clause 8) - temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C 80 90 Behaviour at low temperature a (IEC 60811-1-4, Clause 8) Test to be carried out without previous ageing: °C h – – 100 168 – cold bending test for diameter <12,5 mm – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C –15 –15 Cold elongation test on dumb-bells: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C –15 –15 Cold impact test: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C –15 –15 Heat shock test (IEC 60811-3-1, Clause 9) Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±3 °C) – duration a Due to climatic conditions national standards may require the use of a lower temperature. °C h 150 1 150 1 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 89 – Table 20 – Test requirements for particular characteristics of thermoplastic PE sheathing compounds Designation of compounds (see 4.3) Density a (IEC 60811-1-3, Clause 8) Carbon black content (for black oversheaths only) (IEC 60811-4-1, Clause 11) Unit ST 3 ST 7 Nominal value % 2,5 2,5 Tolerance % ±0,5 ±0,5 Shrinkage test (IEC 60811-1-3, Clause 11) Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) – heating, duration – heating, cycles Maximum shrinkage % 3 3 Pressure test at high temperature (IEC 60811-3-1, Subclause 8.2) – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C – 110 a The measurement of density is only required for the purpose of other tests. °C h 80 5 5 80 5 5 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 91 – Table 21 – Test requirements for particular characteristics of halogen free sheathing compound Designation of compound Unit ST 8 Behaviour at low temperature a (IEC 60811-1-4, Clause 8) Test to be carried out without previous ageing: – cold bending test for diameter <12,5 mm – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C -15 Cold elongation test on dumb-bells: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C -15 Cold impact test: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C -15 Pressure test at high temperature (IEC 60811-3-1, Clause 8) – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) °C 80 Water absorption (IEC 60811-1-3, Subclause 9.2) Gravimetric method: Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) – duration Maximum increase of mass mg/cm 2 10 a Due to climatic conditions, national standards may require the use of a lower temperature. °C h 70 24 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 93 – Table 22 – Test requirements for particular characteristics of elastomeric sheathing compound Designation of compound (see 4.3) Oil immersion test followed by a determination of the mechanical properties (IEC 60811-2-1, Clause 10 and IEC 60811-1-1, Clause 9) Treatment: – oil temperature (tolerance ±2 °C) – duration Maximum variation a of: a) tensile strength b) elongation-at-break Hot set test (IEC 60811-2-1, Clause 9) Treatment: – temperature (tolerance ±3 °C) – time under load – mechanical stress Unit SE 1 °C h % % °C min N/cm 2 Maximum elongation under load % 175 Maximum permanent elongation after cooling % 15 a Variation: difference between the median value obtained after treatment and the median value without treatment, expressed as a percentage of the latter. Table 23 – Test methods and requirements for halogen free compounds Acid gas emission test (IEC 60754-1) 100 24 ±40 ±40 Test method Unit Requirement Bromine and chlorine content (expressed as HCl), maximum % 0,5 Fluorine content test (IEC 60684-2) Fluorine content, maximum % 0,1 pH and conductivity test (IEC 60754-2) pH, minimum Conductivity, maximum µS/mm NOTE A toxicity test is under consideration. 200 15 20 4,3 10 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 95 – Annex A (normative) Fictitious calculation method for determination of dimensions of protective coverings The thickness of cable coverings, such as sheaths and armour, has usually been related to nominal cable diameters by means of "step-tables". This sometimes causes problems. The calculated nominal diameters are not necessarily the same as the actual values achieved in production. In borderline cases, queries can arise if the thickness of a covering does not correspond to the actual diameter because the calculated diameter is slightly different. Variations in shaped conductor dimensions between manufacturers and different methods of calculation cause differences in nominal diameters and may therefore lead to variations in the thicknesses of coverings used on the same basic design of cable. To avoid these difficulties, the fictitious calculation method shall be used. The idea is to ignore the shape and degree of compaction of conductors and to calculate fictitious diameters from formulae based on the cross-sectional area of conductors, nominal insulation thickness and number of cores. Thicknesses of sheath and other coverings are then related to the fictitious diameters by formulae or by tables. The method of calculating fictitious diameters is precisely specified and there is no ambiguity about the thicknesses of coverings to be used, which are independent of slight differences in manufacturing practices. This standardizes cable designs, thicknesses being pre-calculated and specified for each conductor cross-section. The fictitious calculation is used only to determine dimensions of sheaths and cable coverings. It is not a replacement for the calculation of actual diameters required for practical purposes, which should be calculated separately. A.1 General The following fictitious method of calculating thicknesses of various coverings in a cable has been adopted to ensure that any differences which can arise in independent calculations, for example due to the assumption of conductor dimensions and the unavoidable differences between nominal and actually achieved diameters, are eliminated. All thickness values and diameters shall be rounded according to the rules in Annex B to the first decimal figure. Holding strips, for example counter helix over armour, if not thicker than 0,3 mm, are neglected in this calculation method. A.2 Method A.2.1 Conductors The fictitious diameter (d L ) of a conductor, irrespective of shape and compactness, is given for each nominal cross-section in Table A.1. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 97 – A.2.2 Cores Table A.1 – Fictitious diameter of conductor Nominal cross- section of conductor mm 2 1,5 2,5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 d L mm 1,4 1,8 2,3 2,8 3,6 4,5 5,6 6,7 8,0 9,4 The fictitious diameter D c of any core is given by: D c = d L + 2 t i Nominal cross-section of conductor mm 2 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1 000 d L mm 11,0 12,4 13,8 15,3 17,5 19,5 22,6 25,2 28,3 31,9 35,7 where t i is the nominal thickness of insulation, in millimetres (see Tables 5 to 7). If a metallic screen or a concentric conductor is applied, a further addition shall be made in accordance with A.2.5. A.2.3 Diameter over laid-up cores The fictitious diameter over laid-up cores (D f ) is given by: a) for cables having all conductors of the same nominal cross-sectional area: D f = kD c where the assembly coefficient k is as given in Table A.2. b) for four-core cables with one conductor with reduced cross-section: Df 2,42 (3 Dc1 + Dc2 ) = 4 where D c1 is the fictitious diameter of the insulated phase conductor, including metallic layer, if any, in millimetres; D c2 is the fictitious diameter of the conductor with reduced cross-section including the insulation or covering, if any, in millimetres. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 99 – Table A.2 – Assembly coefficient k for laid-up cores Number of cores Assembly coefficient k Number of cores Assembly coefficient k 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 a 8 8 a 9 9 a 10 10 a 11 12 12 a 13 14 15 16 17 18 18* 19 20 21 22 23 2,00 2,16 2,42 2,70 3,00 3,00 3,35 3,45 3,66 3,80 4,00 4,00 4,40 4,00 4,16 5,00 4,41 4,41 4,70 4,70 5,00 5,00 7,00 5,00 5,33 5,33 5,67 5,67 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 52 61 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,15 6,41 6,41 6,41 6,70 6,70 6,70 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,33 7,33 7,33 7,67 7,67 7,67 8,00 8,00 8,00 8,00 8,15 8,41 9,00 a Cores assembled in one layer. A.2.4 Inner coverings The fictitious diameter over the inner covering (D B ) is given by: D B = D f + 2 t B where t B = 0,4 mm for fictitious diameters over laid-up cores (D f ) up to and including 40 mm; t B = 0,6 mm for D f exceeding 40 mm. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 101 – These fictitious values for t B apply to a) multicore cables: – whether an inner covering is applied or not; – whether the inner covering is extruded or lapped; unless a separation sheath complying with 12.3.3 is used in place of or in addition to the inner covering, when A.2.7 applies instead; b) single-core cables: when an inner covering is applied whether it is extruded or lapped. A.2.5 Concentric conductors and metallic screens The increase in diameter due to the concentric conductor or metallic screen is given in Table A.3. Table A.3 – Increase of diameter for concentric conductors and metallic screens Nominal cross-section of concentric conductor or metallic screen Increase in diameter Nominal cross-section of concentric conductor or metallic screen Increase in diameter mm 2 mm mm 2 mm 1,5 2,5 4 6 10 16 25 35 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,8 1,1 1,2 1,4 If the cross-section of the concentric conductor or metallic screen lies between two of the values given in the table above, then the increase in diameter is that given for the larger of the two cross-sections. If a metallic screen is applied, the cross-sectional area of the screen to be used in the table above shall be calculated in the following manner: a) tape screen: 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 cross-sectional area = n t × t t × w t where n t is the number of tapes; t t is the nominal thickness of an individual tape, in millimetres; w t is the nominal width of an individual tape, in millimetres. Where the total thickness of the screen is less than 0,15 mm then the increase in diameter shall be zero: – for a lapped tape screen made of either two tapes or one tape with overlap, the total thickness is twice the thickness of one tape; 1,7 2,0 2,4 2,7 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 103 – – for a longitudinally applied tape screen: • if the overlap is below 30 %, the total thickness is the thickness of the tape; • if the overlap is greater than or equal to 30 %, the total thickness is twice the thickness of the tape; b) wire screen (with a counter helix, if any): cross- sectional area = n w × d w 2 × π + n 4 h × t h × w h where n w is the number of wires; d w is the diameter of an individual wire, in millimetres; n h is the number of counter helix; t h is the thickness of counter helix, in millimetres, if greater than 0,3 mm; w h is the width of counter helix, in millimetres. A.2.6 Lead sheath The fictitious diameter over the lead sheath (D pb ) is given by: D pb = D g + 2 t pb where D g is the fictitious diameter under the lead sheath, in millimetres; t pb is the thickness calculated in accordance with Clause 11, in millimetres. A.2.7 Separation sheath The fictitious diameter over the separation sheath (D s ) is given by: D s = D u + 2 t s where D u is the fictitious diameter under the separation sheath, in millimetres; t s is the thickness calculated in accordance with 12.3.3, in millimetres. A.2.8 Lapped bedding The fictitious diameter over the lapped bedding (D lb ) is given by: D lb = D ulb + 2 t lb where D ulb is the fictitious diameter under the lapped bedding, in millimetres; t lb is the thickness of lapped bedding, i.e. 1,5 mm according to 12.3.4. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 105 – A.2.9 Additional bedding for tape-armoured cables (provided over the inner covering) A.2.10 Armour Table A.4 – Increase of diameter for additional bedding Above mm – 29 Fictitious diameter under the additional bedding Up to and including mm 29 – The fictitious diameter over the armour (D x ) is given for a) flat or round wire armour by: D x = D A + 2 t A + 2 t w Increase in diameter for additional bedding where D A is the diameter under the armour, in millimetres; t A is the thickness or diameter of the armour wire, in millimetres; t w is the thickness of the counter helix, if any, in millimetres, if greater than 0,3 mm. b) double tape armour by: D x = D A + 4 t A where D A is the diameter under the armour, in millimetres; t A is the thickness of the armour tape, in millimetres. mm 1,0 1,6 granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 107 – Annex B (normative) Rounding of numbers B.1 Rounding of numbers for the purpose of the fictitious calculation method The following rules apply when rounding numbers in calculating fictitious diameters and determining dimensions of component layers in accordance with Annex A. When the calculated value at any stage has more than one decimal place, the value shall be rounded to one decimal place, i.e. to the nearest 0,1 mm. The fictitious diameter at each stage shall be rounded to 0,1 mm and, when used to determine the thickness or dimension of an overlying layer, it shall be rounded before being used in the appropriate formula or table. The thickness calculated from the rounded value of the fictitious diameter shall in turn be rounded to 0,1 mm as required in Annex A. To illustrate these rules, the following practical examples are given: a) when the figure in the second decimal place before rounding is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, then the figure retained in the first decimal place remains unchanged (rounding down). Examples: 2,12 ≈ 2,1 2,449 ≈ 2,4 25,0478 ≈ 25,0 b) when the figure in the second decimal place before rounding is 9, 8, 7, 6 or 5, then the figure in the first decimal place is increased by one (rounding up). Examples: 2,17 ≈ 2,2 2,453 ≈ 2,5 30,050 ≈ 30,1 B.2 Rounding of numbers for other purposes For purposes other than those considered under Clause B.1, it may be required that values are rounded to more than one decimal place. This may occur, for instance, in calculating the average value of several measurement results, or the minimum value by applying a percentage tolerance to a given nominal value. In these cases, rounding shall be carried out to the number of decimal places specified in the relevant clauses. The method of rounding shall then be as follows: a) if the last figure to be retained is followed, before rounding, by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, it shall remain unchanged (rounding down); b) if the last figure to be retained is followed, before rounding, by 9, 8, 7, 6 or 5, it shall be increased by one (rounding up). granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 109 – Examples: 2,449 ≈ 2,45 rounded to two decimal places 2,449 ≈ 2,4 rounded to one decimal place 25,0478 ≈ 25,048 rounded to three decimal places 25,0478 ≈ 25,05 rounded to two decimal places 25,0478 ≈ 25,0 rounded to one decimal place granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 111 – C.1 Test piece Annex C (normative) Determination of hardness of HEPR insulations The test piece shall be a sample of completed cable with all the coverings, external to the HEPR insulation to be measured, carefully removed. Alternatively, a sample of insulated core may be used. C.2 Test procedure Tests shall be made in accordance with ISO 48 with exceptions as indicated below. C.2.1 Surfaces of large radius of curvature The test instrument, in accordance with ISO 48, shall be constructed so as to rest firmly on the HEPR insulation and permit the presser foot and indentor to make vertical contact with this surface. This is done in one of the following ways: a) the instrument is fitted with feet moveable in universal joints so that they adjust themselves to the curved surface; b) the base of the instrument is fitted with two parallel rods A and A', their distance apart depending on the curvature of the surface (see Figure C.1). These methods may be used on surfaces with radius of curvature down to 20 mm. When the thickness of HEPR insulation tested is less than 4 mm, an instrument as described in the method used in ISO 48 for thin and small test pieces shall be used. C.2.2 Surfaces of small radius of curvature On surfaces with too small a radius of curvature for the procedures described in C.2.1, the test piece shall be supported on the same rigid base as the test instrument, in such a way as to minimize bodily movement of the HEPR insulation when the indenting force increment is applied to the indentor and so that the indentor is vertically above the axis of the test piece. Suitable procedures are as follows: a) rest the test piece in a grove or trough in a metal jig (see Figure C.2a); b) rest the ends of the conductor of the test piece in V-blocks (see Figure C.2b). The smallest radius of curvature of the surface to be measured by these methods shall be at least 4 mm. For smaller radii, an instrument as described in the method used in ISO 48 for thin and small test pieces shall be used. granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 113 – C.2.3 Conditioning and test temperature The minimum time between manufacture, i.e. vulcanization, and testing shall be 16 h. The test shall be carried out at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and the test pieces shall be maintained at this temperature for at least 3 h immediately before testing. C.2.4 Number of measurements One measurement shall be made at each of three or five different points distributed around the test piece. The median of the results shall be taken as the hardness of the test piece, expressed to the nearest whole number in international rubber hardness degrees (IRHD). Figure C.1 – Test on surfaces of large radius of curvature granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} 60502-1 © IEC:2004 – 115 – Figure C.2a – Test piece groove Figure C.2b – Test piece in V-blocks Figure C.2 – Test on surfaces of small radius of curvature ___________ granularity=word contentanalysis={punctuationbreaks=false dehyphenate=false} layoutanalysis={tabledetect=0 layoutdetect=0} Standards Survey The IEC would like to offer you the best quality standards possible. To make sure that we continue to meet your needs, your feedback is essential. Would you please take a minute to answer the questions overleaf and fax them to us at +41 22 919 03 00 or mail them to the address below. Thank you! 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